In 2014, Russia's economic development has suffered a great setback, faced with numerous fundamental factors, both internal and external, which led to a deterioration in GDP growth.
First of all, we are talking about the influence of such factors as the exchange rate of the Russian ruble and the price of oil. The first led to a sharp increase in the consumer price index (inflation) within the country's economy, and the volume of GDP began to change towards a decrease. In addition, the Bank of Russia had to take emergency measures, which included:
an increase in the interest rate (for example, on December 15, 2014 there was an emergency meeting of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, at which the interest rate was raised to 17%)
intervention in the interbank foreign exchange market, which led to a decrease in the international reserves of the Bank of Russia from 500 billion dollars to 350 billion dollars.
The bank regulator set out to stabilize the exchange rate, but to solve this problem, he had to act alone, because other government bodies were concerned with the issue of reducing Russia's export earnings due to a collapse in oil prices. As a result, the country's economy has lost billions of dollars in taxes. The revenue of the energy sector of the Russian Federation has decreased many times, and this, in turn, continued to put pressure on macroeconomic indicators: GDP, inflation, personal finance.
For all of the above reasons, the monetary policy of the Bank of Russia has changed dramatically, because after a stable period of economic recovery and financial markets of the country, with the time of the global economic crisis of 2008-2009, an unexpected period of "financial shock" has come.
For this reason, the Bank of Russia had to change its guidelines for monetary policy, where various instruments were used, in the amount included in the transmission mechanism channels. After all, taking into account all this, the Bank of Russia faced a difficult task, namely: to stabilize the exchange rate of the Russian ruble and reduce the level of inflation in the country's economy. Ultimately, following the results of 2016, it is possible to draw bold conclusions that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation managed to accomplish this task.
Transmission mechanism channels are a system of indicators that change under the influence of the central bank and characterize the impact of money supply on the economy of the country. In other words, the transmission mechanism of monetary regulation is the mechanism through which the application of central bank instruments affects the economy as a whole and the level of inflation, in particular.
The Bank of Russia, according to its monetary policy, applies to action the four main channels of the transmission mechanism. These include:
monetary channel (change in the volume of money supply);
interest rate channel (change in interest rate dynamics);
lending channel;
exchange rate channel.
Based on this, the CBR uses monetary policy tools that help stabilize the ruble's exchange rate, restrain inflation and stimulate credit growth in the country's banking sector.
First of all, the Bank of Russia uses interest rate levels, with which a restraining or stimulating monetary policy