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Structure of the processor
The processor consists of a 1_____, which is a circuit board on which are
mounted 2_____ chips, memory chips, and other components linked together by
3_____ lines or channels in the form of control, address, and data 4_____. In
addition, a processor has 5_____, which are electronic circuits providing specialized
functions such as graphics, or which connect a system board to 6_____. The
system board also consists of electronic devices, such as an electronic 7_____
for controlling the speed of operation; 8_____, which store numeric data, during
the course of processing; and various 9_____, including sequence control register,
address register, and function register.
adaptor boards, registers, microprocessor, clock, сonductive,
system board, accumulators, input or output devices, buses
THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
It is common practice in computer science for the words "computer" and "processor" to be used
interchangeably. More precisely, "computer" refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an
internal memory. The internal memory or main storage, control and processing components make up the
heart of the computer system. Manufacturers design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions
for their particular computer.
The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which
operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU can also retrieve information from memory
and can store the results of manipulations back into the memory unit for later reference.
In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the
arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of
switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.
The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and
commands. The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the sequence or step-by-step
operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions,
and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.
The arithmetic-logical unit, on the other hand, is that portion of the computer in which the actual
arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentation, called for
in the
instructions are performed. It also performs some kinds of logical operations such as comparing or
selecting information. All the operations of the ALU are under the direction of the control unit.
Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in
order to be processed. Thus, if located on secondary memory devices such as disks, programs and data are
first loaded into internal memory.
Main storage and the CPU are connected to a console.