1)31^2 = (30+1)^2= 30^2+2*30*1+1^2= 900+60+1=961
2) 103^2= (100+3)^2= 100^2 +2*100*3+3^2= 10000+600+9=10609
3) 39^2= (40-1)^2= 40^2- 2* 40*1+1^2=1600-80+1=1521
4) 78^2= (80-2)^2= 80^2-2*80*2+2^2=6400-320+4=6084
5) 5.1^2= (5+0.1)^2= 5^2+2*5*0.1+0.1^2=25+1+0.01=26.01